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One article to take you to understand the entire photovoltaic industry

Release time:

2023-12-11

Since last year, the two words that everyone has heard most should be "meta-universe" and "carbon neutralization". Unlike meta-universe, carbon neutralization is a strong push by the central government, and it has become the core national policy in an instant. Enterprises from all walks of life have squeezed into the carbon-neutral track one after another, and green power has undoubtedly become the focus of market attention.

Since last year, the two words that everyone has heard most should be "meta-universe" and "carbon neutralization". Unlike meta-universe, carbon neutralization is a strong push by the central government, and it has become the core national policy in an instant. Enterprises from all walks of life have squeezed into the carbon-neutral track one after another, and green power has undoubtedly become the focus of market attention.

The so-called green power includes renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind energy, and bio-intelligence. Compared with traditional thermal power generation, its advantages are low energy consumption, environmental protection and sustainability. Due to the limited energy storage of traditional fossil fuels, energy is not inexhaustible. At the same time, fossil fuels will release a large amount of carbon dioxide, causing global warming. Therefore, long-term development needs to find sustainable clean energy to replace it.

This is the inevitable result of my country's goal of achieving double carbon and long-term sustainable development. It is also the advantage of green power such as photovoltaic, wind energy, and geothermal energy.

Although solar energy has an advantage of inexhaustible and pollution-free, it is easily affected by weather and other factors, resulting in unstable power generation. There is still a long way to go before photovoltaic power generation can replace traditional thermal power generation. This is also the main reason why photovoltaic and other clean energy sources are inseparable from energy storage.

What is photovoltaic?

First discovery of photovoltaic effect, Baidu Images

Photovoltaic refers to the solar power generation, when the sun shines on the photovoltaic cell module, the light energy is converted into electrical energy. The term photovoltaic is derived from the photovoltaic effect, first discovered by Edmund Becquerel in 1839.

Midstream: Photovoltaic cells

From the industrial chain point of view, the upstream of the photovoltaic industry is polysilicon materials, solar polysilicon materials are mainly produced by silicon ore metallurgical industrial silicon, through the formation of polysilicon materials after purification. The polycrystalline silicon material is made into a monocrystalline silicon rod by pulling the rod, or cast into a polycrystalline silicon ingot, and then sliced into a silicon wafer.

Photovoltaic cells in the middle reaches refer to semiconductor sheets that use solar power to generate electricity. When certain lighting conditions are met, the cells will output voltage and generate current in the loop. The cell is the core of the photovoltaic module, because the power generation system of the photovoltaic module is made up of photovoltaic cells in series, and the photoelectric conversion rate of the cell directly determines the overall power generation of the module.

At present, photovoltaic cells are mainly divided into crystalline silicon cells and thin-film cells, first look at crystalline silicon cells.

As the earliest photovoltaic cell, crystalline silicon cell is called the first generation semiconductor cell. Its power generation principle is mainly to use the photoelectric effect of semiconductor to form hole-electron pairs and form current under the action of internal electric field.

Crystalline silicon cells are mainly divided into P-type cells and N-type cells, P-type cells are the mainstream photovoltaic cells at this stage, its advantages lie in high production capacity, relatively mature technology, low production costs, but its shortcomings lie in the photovoltaic conversion efficiency has developed to the bottleneck stage, the future development space is limited.

Photovoltaic Industry Chain, Haiyou New Material Prospectus

The N-type battery is currently developing rapidly and has the advantage of higher photoelectric conversion efficiency. It will occupy a larger share in the photovoltaic cell market in the future. The N-type battery includes a TOPCon battery, an HJT battery, and an IBC battery. Among them, TOPCon battery its photoelectric conversion rate is higher than that of P-type battery and HJT battery, more importantly, it can be upgraded through the production line of P-type battery, has not yet formed a large-scale mass production, the future is expected to become the mainstream battery, occupy a larger share of the market.

The photoelectric conversion rate of the HJT battery is also higher than that of the P-type battery, and it has fewer processing steps, but it is limited by the high production cost. The IBC cell is mentioned in the photovoltaic cell photoelectric conversion rate is the highest, due to the production process is more complex, its processing costs are also higher, compared to other photovoltaic cell technology routes are more difficult.

Thin film battery is the second generation of solar cells, it is in the glass, flexible polymer and other substrates deposited on a layer of film thickness is not greater than 20 microns, and in this layer of film, the formation of PN junction and other solar cells. Thin film solar cells mainly include silicon-based thin films, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), gallium arsenide (GaAs), perovskite cells and organic thin film cells (this paper does not repeat the thin film cells).

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